Heart Sounds

A helpful playlist that explains normal and abnormal heart sounds & murmurs (auscultation).

<aside> 🫀 A summary with everything you need to know:

Valvular Heart Disease & Infective Endocarditis - Maryam Altayeb.pdf

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<aside> ⬇️ Most murmurs decrease in intensity during the Valsalva maneuver.

• Two exceptions (i.e. increase during the Valsalva maneuver) are:
  1. the systolic murmur of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  2. the systolic murmur of mitral valve prolapse

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Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is used to confirm valvular heart disease! — transesophageal echo (TEE) is most accurate

Systolic Murmurs

• Aortic Stenosis (AS)

• Mitral Regurgitation (MR)

• Tricuspid Regurgitation

• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

• Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

• Pulmonic Flow Murmur

Diastolic Murmurs

• Aortic Regurgitation (AR)
• Mitral Stenosis (MS)

Pediatric Murmurs

Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

• Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
• Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
• Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
• Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
• Tricuspid Valve Atresia
• Pulmonic Stenosis
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
• Ebstein Anomaly

Noncyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

• Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

• Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

• Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

• Coarctation of the Aorta

• Venous hum

• Eisenmenger syndrome

Notes about congenital heart disease management:

• Most PDA are now closed with a cath except for premature babies.
  • Surgery for premature babies and symptomatic neonates less than 6 Kg.
• Most ASDs are closed with caths at 3-6 years
  • VSDs most common mode of closure is surgical.